Legal and Ethical Issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Legal and Ethical Issues - Essay Example Therefore, social and medical workers direct all their efforts on decreasing level of smoking among elderly people (Gardner, 2002). In the UK only 1 in 10 general healthcare staff disagreed with a smoking ban in health-care centres for elder people (Gardner, 2002). It means that the great interest of medical staff is focused on the decrease of the level of smokers in health care centres (Gardner, 2002). Some elderly people have a long-term â€Å"habit† of smoking. Thus once an old person loses a beloved spouse, he may start smoking again even if he gave it up earlier. Smoking can destroy the health of smokers and non-smokers around them. The latter breathe in cigarette smoke. Mass media has propagated a tolerant attitude to smoking for a long time being driven by commercial triggers (Chiva&Stears, 2001). The issue is even more complicated if it refers to elderly smokers in a care setting. Some elderly people suffer from numerous diseases and it is relevant to inform them about health hazards caused by smoking. It is quite clear that smoking is a trigger of cancer, lung diseases and many other illnesses (Chiva&Stears, 2001). Thus, it is relevant to find a solution to this problem from legal and ethical perspectives. Ethical issues There are four basic ethical principles: respect for person, autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence and justice. Elderly people who undergo treatment in health care settings should be treated in accordance with these ethical principles. For example, a principle of respect for person is reflected if smokers are aware of the fact that their smoking violates health protection of people around them. On the other hand, freedoms of smokers should not be violated (a principle of autonomy works here); public intrusion of non-smoking policy into personal choices of smokers etc. These issues can be complicated by many other considerations: elderly people have a long-term â€Å"habit† of smoking. Therefore older people endanger thei r relatives or people around them and expose people in a care setting to second-hand smoke. A controversial ethical dilemma occurs: whether to ban or not to ban smoking to old person? It is a violation of smoker’s freedom, is not it? First of all, a smoker is a citizen. He should not feel that their freedoms are restricted. Smoking is not an illegal practice. Of course, there is no doubt that good of the public should not be sacrificed in the name of a smoker’s satisfaction. Legal issues If to consider smoking from the perspective of smoking as a personal choice of a smoker, then smoking ban should be considered from legal and ethical perspectives. In accordance with the American Medical Association Code, â€Å"Health professionals are under obligation to put the patients first, regardless of economic status or physical condition. Each profession within the health care field has adopted its own code of conduct† (Gardner, 2002).. With regard to an elder patient o f health care setting in case he cannot make decisions himself, it is relevant to take control over his mental capacity. In case, â€Å"a decision should be made for them, that decision must be made in that person’s best interests. You must also consider whether there is another way of making the decision which might not affect the person’s rights and freedom of action  as much (known as  the â€Å"least restrictive alternative principle†

International strategy management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

International strategy management - Essay Example will present some of these best practices that Southwest Airlines engaged in as a means of explaining them to the reader and highlighting their importance with regard to the overall success that the airline has experienced over the past several decades. Without even delving into the benefits and utility that the products and services southwest airline provide to the customer helps to increase their profitability and success, the reader should first focus upon the issue of culture and how southwest airlines engage this culture within their stakeholders/employees. Ultimately, far too many firms engage with a business model and seek to promote a given good or service to the customer; only to consider the power and impacts that culture within the organization can have once the business recognizes that this could potentially maximize profitability. However, in the case of Southwest Airlines, since its inception the firm has been focused upon providing high standards of culture, employee loyalty, competitive salaries, and promotion from within as a hallmark of the way in which it engages with its stakeholders. One of the first and most obvious of these is with regard to Southwest Airlines â€Å"no layoff† policy. As anyone remotel y familiar with the airline industry can attest, I and Lowe’s within the market creates hardship on air carriers as they must continually react to the change in demand that air service illustrates. As a function of this, many of the larger airline firms such as Delta, United, and international carriers continually layoff surplus employees during a period in which demand is relatively low and then rehire individuals or hire new ones, when demand is high again. Recognizing that this continual shift in demand was harming employee loyalty, southwest engaged in a â€Å"no layoff† policy; one in which the employee was assured that even if market conditions were poor, their position would be saved and Southwest Airlines would do anything and

Karaoke machine circuit based in transistors+ graphic equalizer Essay

Karaoke machine circuit based in transistors+ graphic equalizer - Essay Example The circuit will include following essential elements 1. Two inputs, 1 for microphone and a second for Line input, which could be mixed and boosted with a common emitter amplifier stage. 2. A six-band graphic equalizers stage. 3. A common emitter voltage boost amplifier stage. 4. A common collector power amplifier. 5. Circuit works from mains power supply. Circuit Operation Detailed circuit operation is given as under:- Power Supply The power supply is connected to pre amplifier and power amplifier blocks. The Transformer T1 is a simple step-down transformer which takes 240 V Ac current and gives out 9.5 V Ac at current rating of 1.3 amps approximately. The circuit requires steady DC current therefore output of transformer is applied to rectifiers. Transformer works on the principle of mutual induction of two coils. When current in the primary coil is changed, the flux linked to the secondary coil also changes. Consequently, an EMF is induced in the secondary coil. The transformer T1 consists of a rectangular core of soft iron in the form of sheets insulated from one another. Two separate coils of insulated wires, a primary coil and a secondary coil are wound on the core. These coils are well insulated from one another and from the core. The coil on the input side is called Primary coil and the coil on the output side is called Secondary coil. According to Faradays law EMF induced in a coil depends upon the rate of change of magnetic flux in the coil. If resistance of the coil is small then the induced EMF will be equal to voltage applied. A transformer in which Number of turns in primary coil are greater than Number of turns in secondary coil (Np>Ns) is called a step down transformer which is T1 in this case. In this way the Step down transformer T1 converts high alternate voltage of 240V to low alternate voltage of 9.5 V with current rating of 1.3 amps approximately. This voltage is next passed on to a rectifier to obtain a steady DC voltage. Rectifier D1 con sists of four diodes which are meant to convert Ac into DC. During each half of current cycle the diodes block reverse current and allow forward current. Rectifier D1 is a full wave rectifier which works during both positive and negative cycle of AC. Rectification is the conversion of alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC). This involves a device that only allows one-way flow of electrons and it is built around a four-diode bridge configuration therefore called a full-wave bridge or rectifier .Regardless of the polarity of the input, the current flows in the same direction through the load. That is, the negative half-cycle of source is a positive half-cycle at the load. The current flow is through two diodes in series for both polarities. Rectifier bridge works half time during positive sinosidal wave and half time during negative sinosidal wave. The result is a steady DC current measuring 9.5 V. This current is applied to Capacitor C18 with value 2500 uf, which charges the in put to around 13.5-14V peak voltage. This voltage is passed to a standard 12 V regulator IC1 that gives steady DC output of 12 V to run the complete circuit. In the power supply, heat is dissipated during transformer and voltage regulation stages. The capability of a capacitor to store electricity is known as capacitance of that capacitor. It is denoted by C. The measuring unit of capacitance is Farad, but Farad is very large unit. Its smaller units are Kilo Micro Farad (KMFD), Micro

Hewlett Packard and Compaq Computers Research Paper

Hewlett Packard and Compaq Computers - Research Paper Example According to Palo & Houston (2001), the merger of Hewlett-Packard Company (NYSE: HWP) and Compaq Computer Corporation (NYSE: CPQ) was meant to create an $87 billion global technology leader. The main aim of the new HP was designed to â€Å"offer the industry's most complete set of IT products and services for both businesses and consumers with a commitment to serving customers with open systems and architectures,† (Palo & Houston, 2001). The combined company was expected to create value through significant cost structure improvements and access to new growth opportunities. According to Fiorina, the strategic benefits of combining highly complementary organizations and families were set to immensely benefit the customers. The synergies of these companies were expected to create a value of $25 billion and this merger was supposed to be a force to reckon with in the IT sector, storage and management software. This merger was a failure because the new culture was not compatible wi th the HP way of doing business. According to Malone (2002), the major resistance came from the management of HP since they felt short changed by this newly merged company given that the culture was â€Å"so alien to the HP legendary way.† From the onset, it can be seen that there is no mutual understanding between the parties from the two companies and this is the reason why there is a revolt especially from HP management. Thousands of employees believe that the HP way, the company’s influential and unique culture is the most valuable asset that has led to the success of the organization hence the reason for fears that a merger would destroy this culture. However, Fiorina differs with the views other people who support the HP way. The new CEO did not follow the dictates of the HP way and this is where she failed the whole deal. It can be seen that the notion of organizational culture is very important since it determines the success or failure of the company. The cult ure of the company mainly spells the way people in a particular company are supposed to behave. People in a particular organization create values and norms from the culture that obtains in that particular company and these values shape their behaviour. Any attempt to deviate from these values is likely to be met with stiff resistance from the employees like the case in this merger of HP and Compaq computer companies. Change in an organization is something that is often resisted by many employees since they do not want to change their usual way of doing things in the company. Change entails that workers will be forced to acquire new knowledge in order to be in a position to operate effectively under the new culture. Any change initiative that does not have the support of the stakeholders such as the employees is likely to fail since it would be designed to fulfil the needs of a few people. The other reason why the merger of the great two companies failed is that the CEO failed to eff ectively communicate her plans to the stakeholders. She chose to be secretive and this impacted negatively on the outcome of the merger. The other reason why the merger failed is that the CEO of the new company used an autocratic style of management. She undermined the intelligence as well as valuable ideas of the employees while she expected them to support her ideas

Impact of Latest Advances in Technology on the Recruitment and Essay

Impact of Latest Advances in Technology on the Recruitment and Selection Process - Essay Example In this regard, the aim of the current discourse is to review how the latest advances in technology have impacted on the recruitment and selection process. Likewise, the benefits and challenges of using new technological applications would be presented and expounded based on contemporary organizational experiences. Impact of Technological Advancement on Recruitment and Selection Process In a study conducted by Piotrowski and Armstrong (2006), the authors revealed that current recruitment and selection practices, based on the national survey of 1000 firms included in Fortune’s top organizations in the United States, included â€Å"personality testing on the Internet and the use of online testing for selection purposes† (Piotrowski and Armstrong, 2006, pp. 489-490). Organizations were thereby cautioned on their effective applicability due to lack of regulations imposed on online selection firms. Likewise, the authors cited the works of Barbian (2001) and Bates (2002) whos e studies contend that â€Å"most person job-fit tests have not been standardized, lack norms, and developers have not presented predictive validity data on their selection measures† (cited in Piotrowski and Armstrong, 2006, p. 490). Parry (2010) has cited that â€Å"70% of the organizations surveyed used the Internet or Intranet to deliver HR services to employees with most respondents planning to enhance substantially their e-HR capabilities over the two years† (p. 522). On the other hand, Capelli’s (2001) research indicated that a staggering 90% of U.S. organizations have already shifted to online recruiting due to the benefits in costs and efficiency accorded by this technological advancement (p. 140). There are options open to contemporary organizations regarding the use of technological applications to service HR functions. As Cappelli (2001) averred, organizations could use HR software programs that â€Å"automate the entire hiring process: they collect applications in a standardized format, screen them, determine where they came from (such as through job boards or classifiedads), monitor the progress of applications, and calculate how long it takes to fill various jobs or to get a new employee working productively† (p. 143). Concurrently, other organizations opt to outsource the hiring function through the use of external vendors, which would be discussed under challenges that these new technology presents. The website of Global Recruiting Roundtable (2011) indicated that â€Å"80.2% of companies are using Social Media to recruit and another 8.7% of companies are planning to begin this year (results of Jobvite survey, July 2011)† (Valkenburg 2011, par. 1). The percentage was a dramatic 18% increase from the 68% of the companies that used social media in 2009 to the 80.2% in 2011. The survey results from Jobvite revealed remarkable statistics that validate the effectiveness of using social networking sites such as Link edln, Facebook and Twitter; where Linkedln topped the survey at 95% of the respondents indicating that they have successfully hired through this social networking site (Jobvite, 2011, p. 8). Benefits of Using Technonological Advancement Parry

Early Design on the American Landscape- TOPIC- Effigy Mounds, Iowa Essay

Early Design on the American Landscape- TOPIC- Effigy Mounds, Iowa - Essay Example It has been realized that a number of these ancient landscape designs have been eroded by the time factors but, the altered cultural model has necessitated the preservation of some of these remaining historic sites. It is imperative to explore various preservation concepts that have been used over time to keep the ancient artifacts and scenic landscape to the present time. US have numerous sites of cultural heritage that is characterized by a wide range of architectural techniques. Various modes of preservation have been used to keep such historical pieces of art on land. It is equally important to establish some of the original structures that existed where a given feature currently occupy. Effigy mounts has been referred to a representation of some sort in the form of a picture or object that is easily identifiable by many. It may also mean a symbol that is used by different cultures to for the purposes of historical value or having a known significance to such community or groups of communities (Birmingham, Robert and Leslie, 66). In the modern times however, icons of places are mostly represented by beautiful architectural buildings. Though past icons such as monuments, statues and historical buildings are still recognized as icons of different places, there is a rapid change in the way icons are perceived and this has been brought about by the construction of amazing pieces of architecture. This paradigm shift has been driven by the demand for popularity and instant fame as well as for business purposes. Different regions are now in competition with one another in the construction of stunning architectural buildings. Most of Effigy Mounts features’ management is undertaken by Natural resources department of Iowa. It is just one among the many state owned tourist attraction sites in the US in co-operation with the museum agencies of the federal state. Effigy mounds are one of the greatest caretakers of various attractive sites in US. The attractive f eature is found in Iowa State; this state is one of the centers that showcase the master piece of art. The planning of this state was so planned in a way that it captures the need of the entire community at large. The location of the park is so strategic that it lies between the outskirts of the main town centre and the upcoming neighborhood. In the context of art as a perfect tool that actually symbolizes the creativity and the ultimate performance of the society, we shall consider its land mark park. The design and the infrastructural alignment in the city’s artistic work are such that administrative block being at the centre and residential environment forming an attractive settlement ring around it. About the Effigy mounts According to data from Effigy mounts, Iowa state city boasts of a well equipped schools of visual arts and monumental items where such beautiful artifacts are found. This state has various departments and these are divided into three main parts; one dea ls with filming affairs, another one repair and finally the department of artifacts. The library department is concerned with the management of the park’s arts records which they can produce at the demand or consent of the state’s authorities. There is a cultural heritage and museum department in the state which houses some of the finest artistic material in the region. Among them are some of the traditional items that were used

Router and Switch Configuration Essay Example for Free

Router and Switch Configuration Essay When installing, setting, and configuring a switch it is important to know what kind of switch is needed and installed in the network. For this purpose I have chosen the Cisco switches main line, which is the Catalyst Switches, which is one of the popular series and models. They include fixed-configuration desktop models, configurable plug-and-play modular chassis models and packages with high-speed buses into which many cards can be inserted. To configure the Cisco Catalyst switch I will use the Visual Switch Manager, which is an IOS command line interface, or I can use the management console. The VSM is tool operated through a web browser interface and the management console is a simple, menus based interface. To access the CLI, the switch’s console port, which is at the back of the switch, must be plugged into a computer terminal or modem with an RJ-45 rollover cable and the appropriate adapter. Then one runs a terminal emulation program, which can be HyperTerminal that comes with Windows, to specify the port to communicate with. It is imperative that the settings of the switch console port and the management station or modem match or you cannot communicate. Assuming the switch and the settings are connected and match you will be shown a User Interface Menu. To move into the CLI, you press the [K] key. When you want to configure the switch using menus you would then press the [M] key (for menu). There are three categories of information which make up the console interface: configuration, statistics, and diagnostics. The configuration menu contains information on the current setting of the switch parameters. Many of these parameters are also configurable through the console interface. The second category contains switch statistics information. Through the statistics screens, users can monitor switch performance. The third menu set contains diagnostic/troubleshooting commands enabling field engineers and knowledgeable network administrators to perform simple troubleshooting functions. A factory-configured switch has no password assigned. To add or change the password, use the Password Menu. The Ethernet switch console can be accessed by establishing a telnet connection to port 6 of the terminal concentrator, which is long distance managing. Telnet is a utility used for remotely login to a device. The Cisco switch IOS have different EXEC modes with distinctive prompts. You can use these modes for executing different Cisco switch commands. The Cisco IOS user interface is divided into many different modes. The commands available to you depend on which mode you are currently in. Enter a question mark (? ) at the system prompt to obtain a list of commands available for each command mode. When you start a session on the switch, you begin in user mode, often called user EXEC mode. Only limited subsets of the commands are available in user EXEC mode. For example, most of the user EXEC commands are one-time commands, such as show commands, which show the current configuration status, and clear commands, which clear counters or interfaces. The user EXEC commands are not saved when the switch reboots. To have access to all commands, you must enter privileged EXEC mode. Normally, you must enter a password to enter privileged EXEC mode. From this mode, you can enter any privileged EXEC command or enter global configuration mode. The following are commands and their uses; User EXEC begins the session with the switch and the user prompt looks like this, Switch, use this mode to change terminal settings, perform basic tests, and display system information. Privileged EXEC, while in user EXEC mode enter enable command and the prompt will look like this, Switch#, use this mode to verify commands that you have entered. Use the password to protect access to this mode. Global configuration, while in privileged EXEC mode enter the configure command, the prompt will look like this, Switch (config) #, you use this mode to configure parameters that apply to the entire switch. Config-vlan , While in global configuration mode, enter the vlan vlan-id command, the prompt will look like this, Switch(config-vlan)#, you will use this mode to configure VLAN parameters. When VTP mode is transparent, you can create extended-range VLANs (VLAN IDs greater than 1005) and save configurations in the switch startup configuration file. VLAN configuration, While in privileged EXEC mode, enter the vlan database command, the prompt will look like this, Switch (vlan) #, you will use this mode to configure VLAN parameters for VLANs 1 to 1005 in the VLAN database. Interface configuration, while in global configuration mode, enter the interface command (with a specific interface), the prompt will look like this, Switch (config-if) #, you will use this mode to configure parameters for the Ethernet interfaces. Line configuration, while in global configuration mode, the prompt will look like this, Switch (config-line) #, this will specify a line with the line vty or line console command, you will use this mode to configure parameters for the terminal line. A VLAN is a switched network that is logically segmented by function, project team, or application, without regard to the physical locations of the users. VLANs have the same characteristics as physical LANs, but you can group end stations even if they are not physically located on the same LAN segment. Any switch port can belong to a VLAN, and unicast, broadcast, and multicast packets are forwarded and flooded only to end stations in the VLAN. Each VLAN is considered a logical network, and packets destined for stations that do not belong to the VLAN must be forwarded through a router or bridge. A VLAN comes appears when a local port is configured to be associated with the VLAN, when the VLAN Trunking Protocol (VTP) learns of its existence from a neighbor on a trunk, or when a user creates a VLAN. A trunk port carries the traffic of multiple VLANs and by default is a member of all VLANs in the VLAN database. To do this one must switch to global configuration mode. To add ports to the VLAN, change to the Interface Configuration mode and use the vlan-membership static vlan# command. When done, you can view the VLANs by typing the show vlan command. To build redundancy and eliminate the creation of multiple broadcast packets, spanning tree protocol (STP) must be configured on the network switches. Spanning tree protocol allows a switch to recognize which switch on the network is handling broadcast requests from other devices on the network. STP is a Layer 2 link management protocol that provides path redundancy while preventing loops in the network, but you can enable STP on only 128 VLANs. Before you configure STP, select a switch to be the root of the spanning tree. This switch does not need to be the most powerful switch, but choose the most centralized switch on the network. All data flow across the network is from the perspective of this switch. Also, choose the least disturbed switch in the network. The backbone switches often serve as the spanning tree root because these switches typically do not connect to end stations. Also, moves and changes within the network are less likely to affect these switches†. You should type show command to show the version of the software for the switches, and then type the set spantree root vlan_id command, in order to set the priority of the switch to 8192 for the VLAN or VLANs that the vlan id specifies. Then you should type the set, spantree portfast mod_num/port_num enable command, in order to configure the PortFast setting on Switches 12, 13, 14, 16, and 17. Issue the show spantree vlan_id command in order to verify that Switch 15 is the root of all the appropriate VLANs.